SS-31 (Elamipretide)

SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, is a tetrapeptide with the sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2. Its molecular structure features a D-amino acid configuration and the presence of 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt), which contributes to its lipophilic cationic properties. These characteristics facilitate its selective accumulation within the inner mitochondrial membrane, a key site for cellular energy production. Research into SS-31 originated from studies exploring compounds capable of protecting mitochondrial integrity and function. Early investigations focused on its ability to interact with cardiolipin, a phospholipid abundant in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and its potential influence on electron transport chain activity and reactive oxygen species production. This interaction is hypothesized to stabilize the mitochondrial membrane and support optimal bioenergetic processes. In laboratory settings, SS-31 is utilized to investigate mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative phosphorylation, and cellular responses to various stressors. Researchers employ SS-31 to probe mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction in cellular models and to explore its effects on mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and ATP synthesis. Its application in research provides a tool for understanding the intricate roles of mitochondria in cellular physiology and pathology.